Analysis of the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri : Hell and Purgatory

 Analysis of the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri : Hell and Purgatory

Half way of life,
in a dark forest, I was
because my path had lost .

So begins the Divine Comedy. Dante , seizing an ancient literary image contained horn life a journey through this world , you realize that half of it is lost in a " jungle , rough and strong." Admitting a personal allegorical sense comes the poet to say that after living astray for some time in a sinful life, realizes the lowliness of his state and wants to take the path of good . a universal allegorical sense it means the man is lost without realize between the passions and vices and remains there until divine grace and reason will illuminate and help you get out of so sad condition Three human - beasts - passions that made him lose the right path will still lurk . include panther spotted coat that represents lust, the lion is the pride and the wolf , greed . lurking and will follow until you reach the Veltre , the Mastiff scare the wolf and that is Christ himself , unless question of the emperor who made ​​the spiritual and temporal unification of Italy

While back scared into the jungle , currency poet a human figure, but can accurately distinguish whether it is alive or mere shadow man : it is Virgil, the immortal singer of the misfortunes of Troy and the random foundation of Rome , sent by Beatriz aid of his protege .

Virgil, who will bring Dante dark jungle and guide you to the earthly Paradise , figure of happiness in this life, is a symbol of imperial authority , the incumbent of the office to guide mankind temporary happiness and because it is a symbol of imperial authority , also represents human reason. After having said that the path taken is not good , he says the only way to salvation is the journey through Hell and Purgatory. It lends itself to lead you in this journey , if you want to go after Paradise will guide the adventurous soul of Beatrice. Not immediately accept the Florentine , but is decided when the future companion reveals who sent him, " Come, then That same desire unites us You are my guide, my lord, my master. . . "

The Gates of Hell , in which black characters highlighted in lintel known legend : " For me it goes to the suffering city Through me you to eternal punishment Through me you lost people between Justice moved my author . . . supreme . divine Power made ​​me , the sum Wisdom and Love first. before me there was no created thing, but the eternal, and I will remain eternally . Abandon all hope ye who enter "is breached through the two travelers , and Friday , April 8, 1300 , the solemn jubilee year decreed by Pope Boniface VIII , penetrate the plain dark hallway that serves to Hell. There Wander, incessant , unable to ever stop , shadows of people without character , the unfortunates who were never alive , and indifferent cowards , forced to run after a flag, stung by wasps and hornets .

Beside the banks of Acheron sad souls are falling like dead leaves that emerge from the tree. The boatman Charon passes to the opposite side . This is where proper begins Hell, that tremendous funnel nine circles ever closer , the bottom is the center of the Earth. The first circle or Limbo Christ brought the Patriarchs ; mansion now is the righteous who died without knowing the true faith. There moran, without tears or sighs , unbaptized dead , and also the great sages , heroes and poets of antiquity who loved the beauty of being and were already Christians in hope. "Kiss the highest poet ," cries a voice recognizing the Mantuan usually inhabiting this place, and then run to meet Homer, the sovereign poet, satirist Horace, Ovid , Lucan ... In a noble and bright castle surrounded by seven walls are resident heroes who sang : Electra , Hector and Aeneas , Caesar, Brutus, Camillus, Penthesilea , Lavinia , Lucretia, Cornelia . . . Also have the great philosophers of ancient times , Aristotle "the master of those who know " , Socrates , Plato, Democritus , Diogenes, Anaxagoras , and Thales, Empedocles and Heraclitus , Seneca the moralist, the geometer Euclid , Ptolemy , Hippocrates , Galen Avicenna and Averroes , " wrote the great comment " .

No clarify how poets go first to the second circle, where Minos examines the sins of those who are coming . Wrapped and agitated by a whirlwind that never stops within the carnal sinners Semiramis, Dido , Cleopatra, Helen, Paris, Tristan . . . and thou shadows "to which Love made out of this life " as that unfortunate Francesca , embracing passionately her Paolo says he could not avoid the impulse that led to death and eternal punishment .

If the second circle are lustful whirlwind swept by incessant , the third gluttons are beaten to the ground by a tenacious , demoralizing rain and skinned by Cerberus, three-headed monster . Love for his city Alighieri stops to compatriot Ciacco , that speaks indignant and sore factions tearing him to Florence and predicts its next exile.

Prodigals and misers , meeting the fourth circle , forced to drag heavy weights and each other every time they meet scoff . To download the fifth Virgil makes Dante follow the course of a stream that flows into the River Styx . Immersed in that immense quagmire gets pounded and brutally tear irate while mud from the bottom of the lazy sigh .

Flegias leads , against his will , burned antemuros of Dis , the city of Dis, as the ancients called Pluto . The demons , angry and arrogant , trying to keep out Virgilio although they are ready to pass to Dante, but it comes at the right time through a celestial messenger dryshod Styx and opens the door , touching his wand while fleeing stampede everywhere evil spirits .

So , not without difficulty and danger, poets breached through the gate of Dis . Are already in the sixth circle and now it's coasting a fiery graves strewn moor , within which lie the heretics. Among them are those who believe life the soul with the body they trusted solely on their will and made it the measure of all things. Dante calls Epicureans , pokes us to a corner of the Middle Ages often overlooked by historians of that time, too determined to outline the experiences of the Middle Ages. Among the Epicureans is Farinata degli Uberti magnanimous , party man who passionately loved the country and defended valiantly , but left behind him a rut of hatred and vengeance impossible to fill , among unbelievers the celebrated German Emperor Federico II and Cardinal Ottaviano degli Ubaldini ; among the heretics , Pope Anastasius of the medieval cleric suspected that had strayed into heresy .

In the seventh circle , divided into three steps , the Minotaur of Crete that fed on human flesh, reigns supreme over the rebels to God , creator of the natural order and supreme legislator . Violent against others and their things , tyrants and murderers, are immersed in the boiling blood Flegetone , along whose banks run , lightning- beasts , centaurs , asaeteando anyone emerging from the blood more than its body allows . There are no Alexander of Thessaly - Alexander the Great, to the Middle Ages bow , Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse, Pyrrhus, EZZELINO and could not miss, Attila the Scourge of God .

Further naked wild forest foliage dry and abode of the Harpies breaking branches , desolation and germination moaning souls of suicides that tearing of the body, as plants are imprisoned in their own nature extends . In this stage , pursued by hungry dogs , fleeing through the woods the wasteful , they trusted him all the luck and chance. Along with its assets dissipated the moral substance of his person , becoming easy prey to conflicting demands of instinct. The third step a heavy atmosphere hangs motionless and fall from above large clouds of fire. Lying on the floor lying blasphemers of God, while running relentlessly that his actions went against nature, and remain seated, trying to fend off the flames themselves , like dogs scare the wasps , which were in the world usurers .

 We are surprised to find in this area Brunetto Latini last , which Dante called my master , as to point the way of letters taught him " how man is immortalized ." If Alighieri places him among the Sodomites , opponents of natural law , Debese to Latini , who lived many years in France , wrote and published in the French Treasury , which says that "the French language is the most delightful and most common of all nations . " Dante, far from sharing this assertion , he implicitly accused of having acted against nature , not writing in their mother tongue , Tuscany.

A rump of Geryon , a winged monster with human head and arms and body and tail of a serpent , Dante reaches the eighth circle of Malebolge -male bolgie , bad - bags or tanks , ten circular tanks, concentric , where they undergo condemns fraudulent , spread in many other categories: pimps and seducers , terribly deceived by the devil, flatterers , deep in manure ; simoniacs , of that ilk Simon Magus of Samaria , who wanted to buy the apostles Peter and John the power of communicate the Holy Ghost by the simple imposition of hands to put in a stone pit , which are left to shake legs with feet burning head, magicians and soothsayers , walking backwards with his face in the kidneys , the guilty of misapplication , immersed in boiling pitch and guarded by demons , those demons gruesome , with quaint names which had so often referred to in Dante 's eardrums sculptured cathedrals - ; hypocrites , covered with layers of lead , gold above that overwhelmed with their weight ; thieves, who , terrified , trying to escape from an unclean swarming mass of reptiles in the grave , but in vain , because snakes bite them and surround them eventually to become the human figures that have crossed ; perfidious counselors wrapped in devouring flames , the sowers of scandal and schism - Muhammad Ali - mangled and mutilated, whose slit belly guts gush ; counterfeiters of all kinds, you are presented with faces of mangy , rabid , dropsy , thirsty and feverish . Ten graves in which the most horrible visions accumulate, the more desatentadas fantasies that fairly often called " horrific " and most unheard refined tortures .

By simony is doomed in the third pit the French Pope Clement V , who moved the papal seat to Avignon and was overly condescending with Philip the Fair , ceding not only ecclesiastical tithes , but also the property of the Templars wickedly persecuted , for Navarre scammer Ciampolo a thief in the fifth , the seventh with five other Florentine Vanni Fucci , who loses color see Dante and despite her darkly predicts the calamities that will befall his party. A flame , ending in a tongue of fire , the poet calls attention to pass the eighth pit , where the fraudulent directors: there groan Greek heroes Odysseus and Diomedes. Dante first hears of the story of his last journey and death , a story according to which Odysseus return to Ithaca after they have embarked on a new adventure full of adventures to ignore the ancient tradition .

When Ulysses silent and motionless flame is covering her , makes her eyes again demanded another news Romana: is the voice of Guido da Montefeltro , man arms and politically "the shrewd and subtle man who had in Italy at that time , "who relates the tricks of Pope Boniface VIII and conscious victim of the same is declared.

In the last Malebolge - pit enclosure tenth -ayes rending their ears drilled , and well accustomed to the cries of the damned , they are counterfeiters , whose spirits languish crammed into this dark valley and covered with gangrenous pustules members. Two alchemists supported against each other, are started with claws mange scabs that cover , just as you are jumping carp scales with a knife. A few steps a forger , skilled, like many others, lighten the weight of the florin, the currency with flower of Florence, who prevailed in all European markets look like a lute if he had cut the body in the place where the man forks. Neither of our boldest fantasies or surrealist painters who stamped on his canvases Brueghel the Elder and Hieronymus Bosch can be compared with the macabre that described the immortal pen of Dante.

And it has not yet completed its tour of Hell. We are on the edge height XXXI when up to ninth and final circle, for we hear the sound of a horn , which recalls the ivory horn of Roland for help Charlemagne in the defiles of Roncesvalles, and discern in the distance a soaring towers . Virgil shows his mistake : they are not towers but giants, brutal and inert masses , of which only the head , shoulders, torso and belly will appreciate , the rest remains buried in earth. There is Nimrod , the builder of the tower of Babel that prevented the world speak the same language.

The Florentine seeks in vain to Briareus, chained further, but distinguishes Antaeus , who beat Hercules, lifting her in his arms. By Virgilio upward by the two travelers and leads to the bottom of that well , where in four distinct areas, oppressed by the ice of Cocytus , are punished traitors to their relatives ( the Caína ) , his country ( the Antenora ) guests ( the Tolomca ) and their benefactors ( Judaica ) . Imprisoned by silence, their existence is like that of the stones and their torment can hardly be described in a language that says " Mom and Dad " . Ice thicker than the Danube in the Austrian winter, to gird the waist and his teeth chattering as storks beat their peaks. Also poet trembles in that eternal algidity . His foot , passing , touch a face and sobbing owner exclaims : "Why are you talking about the silent pain is Bocca degli Abbati , who betrayed Montaperti the Guelph cause and ashamed to reveal his name to Dante.

Is the pain of Count Ugolino , the traitor to his country , which he rages brutally in the body of him who in turn will betray him, and that lends voice to instinct wound paternity and gives color to the ferocity of the Archbishop Ruggiero narrating his own death and that of his children in the Tower of hunger. The two are frozen in a hole , the head of one mans hat to another as who eats bread hungry and teeth dug in your neighbor's neck where the brain rests in the neck. Ruggiero , archbishop of Pisa- reproach of Italy, Dante called to that city , was locked in the Tower the Earl of hunger , after having betrayed . And having described the poet's mouth the protagonist himself , who has never heard of the horrific scene of Ugolino in the famous Tower , so most terrible hints that so expressed? The Florentine retires cursing the city theater of so great a crime , leaving Ugolino continue its grisly repast in the wretched skull Ruggiero.

' In the center of the universe, the farthest point of God , in the ice surrounding the shadows, is Lucifer, Emperor of the kingdom of pain , taking half out of the ice surface. Sprout on his back two huge bat wings, like sails in the sea tossed by the wind. Trinidad blind material abyss monster three faces weeping for six eyes , three mouths while chewing three sinners : Judas , betrayer of Christ, and Brutus and Cassius traitors to Caesar. At the time Dite or Lucifer spreads its huge wings , to his mane agárranse the two poets , through the center of the Earth , and for a steep path , up the opposite hemisphere to return to the bright world again and spot the stars, already beginning to shine in the sky in the early evening hours of that Holy Saturday , April 9 , AD 1300.

Dante 's Hell is a funnel formed by nine concentric , ever closer and deepening circles. It is located under the crust of the earth in the northern hemisphere part inhabited by man. That inverted cone sinks to the center of the earth , which is also the center of the universe and the place farthest from God . There, swooping from the sky, fell and is confined Lucifer. The land that was removed before his fall and was protruding above the waters of the southern hemisphere , formed the island of Purgatory : a high mountain and steep under the Southern Cross, formed by nine superimposed terraces, whose summit are green fresh and living forests earthly Paradise . Of the nine terraces, the first two , the beach bordering the mountain and the steep slopes of the mountain are the lobby of repentant souls : the Antepurgatorio , where they are awaiting the "shadows " of the negligent , the other seven are the Purgatory itself, and each one is purged deadly sins 

Summary: UNITED STATES AT THE DECADE 1920

Summary: UNITED STATES AT THE DECADE 1920
 PROSPERITY AND CRISIS - THE CRACK OF THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE : Implications

After the First World War, the United States had emerged as first power in the world order . The military conflict caused him huge profits as a supplier of European countries winners and losers. During the war this country began an isolationist policy towards European problems.

During the 1920s economic growth was remarkable : industrial production reached the highest level in the world. Main producer and creditor, the factors that drove the American economic development were:

􀀀 Awesome car production for the domestic market and export. The auto industry drove the construction of roads , tire , batteries , fuel, repair facility and the expansion of tourism .

􀀀 Urbanization with building skyscrapers, shopping and financial centers and the emergence of new cities.

􀀀 The movie industry . In Hollywood movies that were exported to many countries is filming , while diffused in the world the American way of life , generating admiration for the level of comfort that had its population.

􀀀 The spread of a new form of work organization in American factories : Fordism , so named because its founder was Henry Ford's automobile manufacturing .

In the late nineteenth century was Frederick Taylor devised a system that was to break down the production process in very simple steps to take care that each worker only a stage of product development . He intended to reduce manufacturing time and increase production yield and thus profit of the company. That task was repetitive throughout each working day , thus achieving automation and speed. Fordism , method that takes the base of Taylorism , incorporates the assembly line (presented by Henry Ford in 1918 ) resulting in mass production and the machine and went to set the pace of production.

The tape operator went ahead and forced him to respond with rapid and precise movements in the task.

The most obvious signs of American prosperity of the '20s were:

􀀀 The big gains of entrepreneurs and growing market and real estate investment .

High wages 􀀀 population in general that allowed you to access new items.

􀀀 The great development of innovative systems favored consumption with credit sales , fees and advertising. So the industry of household appliances such as radios, refrigerators, washing machines , vacuum cleaners and drove motorcycles , among others.

􀀀 The increasing deployment of vehicles and agricultural machinery in general. Excavator, vans and cars were typical examples of American prosperity.

THE CRACK OF THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE : Implications

In the course of the 20s buying shares on the stock was transformed into one of the activities that yielded more profit. A late prosperity, a few years ago was based on industrial development, became dependent on the stock market speculation .

Despite all this the bag was still growing , and stock prices did not reflect the true state of the economy , which was in outright recession.

Although the growth of some companies had stopped, his actions were still up because there was a great demand from speculators.

In October 1929 the New York Stock Exchange broke ( crash on Wall Street) and the crisis spread to the banking system , industry , trade and American agriculture.

The consequences of the crash on Wall Street that were felt until the Second World War were:

􀀀 Domestically , industry closures , mass layoffs of workers, widespread poverty, picture that contrasted sharply with the splendor of the previous years.

Externally 􀀀 order, the crisis was felt worldwide , especially in Europe. Is that the world economy had achieved a high level of integration and the effects of the crisis were expanding rapidly.

Among the signs that showed the growing weakness of the U.S. economy may be mentioned :

􀀀 Wages stagnated , and therefore consumption slowed .

􀀀 Items began to accumulate in plants by decreasing consumption .

􀀀 Companies began to lay off workers because they had to reduce production .

NOVEL AND HISPANIC STORY OF THE CENTURY

NOVEL AND HISPANIC STORY OF THE CENTURY

INTRODUCTION

The history of Latin American Literature , which began in the sixteenth century at the time of the conquistadors , can be divided roughly into four periods . During the colonial period was a mere appendage of the Spanish literature, but with the independence movements that took place in the early nineteenth century, it came on a second period dominated by patriotic themes . However, during the stage of nation-building - third - period following the preceding period , experienced a huge boom , until he reached maturity , fourth - from the 1910s , occupying a significant place within the literature. The literary production of Latin American countries form a harmonious whole , despite the differences and traits of each country.

The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 , coincided with a resurgence of interest in Latin American for their distinctiveness and their own social problems writers. From that date , and increasingly greater extent , Latin American authors began to address universal themes , and over the years have come to produce an impressive body of literature that has attracted international admiration .

1.    NOVEL TO 1940 : THE NOVEL regionalist

The American Novel to 1940 to 1945 is characterized by a clearly archaic aesthetic for the period . No formal renewal in principle . His techniques are basically realistic , a legacy of the nineteenth-century novel , and sometimes even with residues of Romanticism, flourishing there. Yes there is instead a thematic renewal , adapting the novel to the most pressing and most original of American reality realities of the moment . So three basic subgenres appear :

- The novel nature, or more properly novel Jungle ( The Mayhem Eustasio José Rivera (Colombian ), the type of the gaucho of the pampas, Don Segundo Sombra by Georges Braque (Argentine ), Romulo Gallegos ( venozolano ) , Doña Barbara.

- The political novel : the novel of the Mexican Revolution ( The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela ) and " dictator novel " which does not develop until years later.

- Social novel: the indigenous novel - a landowning oligarchy that exploited the land and the lower social groups , often Indians : Jorge Huasipungo Icaza ( Ecuador ) or novels Ciro Alegría ( Peruvian ) , The world is wide and alien.

2- . Novelistic FIRST RENEWAL : TOWARDS THE MAGIC REALISM

Since 1940 the first attempts to begin renovation of the aesthetics of the novel , by what we might call "first generation" . There is a relative thematic renewal , based on the appearance of cityscapes and existential issues , but the old songs survive , especially social issues . But most striking is how reality bursts with imagination and reality so wonderful appear closely linked to the novel use of myth , legend , magic , poetry .

This is what has been called " magical realism " - a term coined by Franz Roh in 1925 to refer to a German art movement - and alternately " magical realism ", a name used by Alejo Carpentier.

Part of the formal renewal is due to reading and incorporating elements from any of the major European and American innovators of the novel ( especially Faulkner , but also Kafka and Joyce ) or taken from the surrealist language , many of whose linguistic findings are used to express how wonderful . Introduce technical innovations such as subjectivism , interior monologue , chronological jumps , etc. . , And use a bright baroque language , full of evocative images .

First to emphasize the great renewal process : Miguel Angel Asturias ( Guatemala ), with a novel that really opens the genre of " dictator novel " Mr. President, Alejo Carpentier (Cuban ) , The Lost Steps , The Century lights, Reasons of State is its own novel " dictator " , Jorge Luis Borges ( Argentina ) who never cultivated the novel, but only the short story ; Juan Rulfo (Mexican ) is the author of two books just added: stories the burning Plain and his novel Pedro Páramo, the most perfect model of fantastic realism . Other prominent authors are Augusto Roa Bastos (Paraguayan , Son of man) , Juan Carlos Onetti ( urugayo , Well ) and José Lezama Lima (Cuban , Paradiso ) .

3-NEW LATIN AMERICAN NOVEL. Novel THE " BOOM "

Since 1962 (the year of publication of The Age of Enlightenment A. Carpentier, The City and the Dogs of Vargas Llosa and The Death of Artemio Cruz Fuentes C. ) are witnessing in Spain and in the rest of Europe to the surprising development of the American novel , hitherto marginalized and unknown, despite its importance and its development. It was actually , at least in part, from a sudden awareness of a novel that had developed in their own American isolation for years and it gave the impression of a "boom" , a sudden surge . It is also , to a large extent, a publishing phenomenon in which publishers have editorial responsibility and Carlos Barral and Seix - Barral in Barcelona , Gallimard, collection through the Croix du Sud in Paris and American publishers, such as South American and Losada ( Buenos Aires ) , Monte Ávila ( Caracas ) , XXI Century, Fondo de Cultura Economica , Joaquín Mortiz and Era ( Mexico ) ...

The "boom " has generational relationships. I bought writers of different ages and countries, and often with little connection between them. However, the development of the thematic issues identified by the previous generation , especially the novel taste for cityscape and existential themes ( loneliness , isolation , death ... ) , and continues with a new rural novel and especially the integration of fantasy and reality is consolidated. Formally, emphasizes the renewal of novelistic techniques through the incorporation of novel experimental techniques .

Very generally (and does not apply to all authors) the highlight is: complex narrative structures , breaking the temporal linearity, linguistic experimentation ; literary creation itself as subject, importance of the historical- social ; rejection of bourgeois morality , tendency to bind different genres in the form of the novel and a variety of narrative formulas ( using techniques of counterpoint , the combination or overlapping narratives people and points of view, the use of interior monologue , the use of the second narrative ... ) person .

This whole process of formal renewal is at the service of revolutionary literature, very committed to the reality of a land subject to violent and traumatic historical processes. We emphasize some authors .

- Ernesto Sabato (Argentine ) : strongly symbolic , his novels reflect themes such as insanity , isolation and existential malaise ( The Tunnel , On Heroes and Tombs , Abaddon the destroyer ) .

- Julio Cortázar (Argentine ) : in his stories , the fantasy element comes quite naturally and nonchalantly mixed with everyday life. His fictional work itself includes several highly experimental works, but its maximum is novel Hopscotch .

- Carlos Fuentes (Mexican ) criticizes the bourgeoisie and the political system of their country, while a renewal process of narrative language ( the Air is Clear , The Death of Artemio Cruz- life of a rural Mexican cacique proposed the novella Aura, second-person narrative ) .

- Gabriel García Márquez is the most influential author of the "boom" . His first short stories ( The litter ; Colonel no one writes ; Evil Hour , Mama 's Funeral Large ... ) and groping in search of the union of the real and the fantastic ( the imaginary world of Macondo ) . One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967 ) was the novel that marked the emergence of the "boom" and was a phenomenon in the Hispanic (and perhaps literatures world literature ).

 Other notable works are the " dictator novel " in The Autumn of the Patriarch , Chronicle of a Death Foretold , a masterful short novel , Love in the Time of Cholera .

- Mario Vargas Llosa ( Peruvian and Spanish dual nationality since 1995). His first novel The City and the Dogs , complex short story led him to fame. Worth mentioning Green House , Conversation in "The Cathedral " , technically complex lengthy dialogue, Pantoja and the chronic hilarious Peruvian army attachment to a group of prostitutes War doomsday , recreation of a hallucinated Latin American civil wars .

4 . LATEST TRENDS IN THE NOVEL

The boom left in later years in publishing favorable for multiplication and public land , often indiscriminate , authors and titles . Publishers used the reef and came to the constant release of novels. It was the surf boom.

Moreover, two streams simplify the complex picture of the novel: the novel and the mass media and the hermetic narrative or metanovel .

4.1 . Narrative and the media

The author assumes his role as a communicator in a society governed by the mass media, shifts its aesthetic product ( the novel) and a central vantage point and places it on par with other communications such as film,television , comics, pop, as camp or kitsch, whose languages ​​and techniques fail . In this current narrative of Argentine Manuel Puig ( Heartbreak Tango , Kiss of the Spider Woman ), some novels by Vargas Llosa, the Mexican Ibargüengoitia ( The Conspirators , Dead , corrosive humor, absurdity and surrealism ) or are part of Peruvian Alfredo Bryce Echenique ( A World for Julius, The exaggerated life of Martin Romagna ) .

4.2 . Tight narrative or metanovel

Other novelists in the opposite path, as sacred art and the novel placed in a privileged location , accessible only to the initiated , his elitism leads them to a tight script, for minorities. The works of Cuban Sarduy ( Where are the singers , Cobra, linguistic experimentalism risky ) or Mexican Salvador Elizondo ( The grafógrafo , Farabeuf , The Secret hipogeo are metanovelas experimental ) represent the religion of aesthetics vs. aesthetics merchandise thereof.

In addition to the novelists who have quoted above , should be highlighted in the current American narrative authors like Isabel Allende ( Chile ), Laura Esquivel ( Mexico ), Antonio Skarmeta (Chilean ), Roberto Bolaño ( Chile ), Sergio Pitol (Mexican ) or Augusto Monterroso ( Guatemala ) .

THE HISPANIC AMERICAN STORY

Along with the novel, the story has been a narrative genre widely grown in Latin America from the forties to the present. Compiled in collections , has given high-quality titles and originality. In some cases, the story has advanced structural and linguistic innovations that developed later writers boom of the sixties.

5.1 . The story in the forties and fifties

The narrators of the forties and fifties were great cultivators of the literary tale . Highlights the extraordinary contribution of Jorge Luis Borges. In a first step , influenced by the European avant-garde , writes poetry which returns since 1960 . From 1930 , he writes short stories to generically called fictions. Emphasize their storybooks as Aleph , Universal History of Infamy , Fictions or later, Brodie's Report and The Book of Sand . All stories repeat a series of obsessive themes : the chaotic and meaningless world, fate and destiny , the world as a labyrinth , the inexorable passage of time, cyclical time , the impossibility of knowing the world , the artificial nature and deceptive reality ... It is also characterized by great structural originality.

Equally important are the stories of Juan Rulfo, author of fifteen books that make up the volume The Burning Plain (1953 ) , in which the hardness is of Mexican rural life in its primitiveness and physical and moral poverty. Also stand three stories collected in War Alejo Carpentier of time, where is the problem of the impossibility of defining and dividing time . For his part, Juan Carlos Onetti continues in his stories the basic themes of his novels ( distressed and hopeless characters who wander into a sordid world) : A time to embrace , As sad as she and other stories.

4.2 . From the sixties to the present

The short stories of the narrators of the boom has gone unnoticed in some cases because of the importance of his novels. Besides García Márquez ( The Incredible and Sad Tale of Candida Erendira and Her Heartless Grandmother) , others have cultivated the genre.

Julio Cortázar shows in his stories - sometimes under the influence of surrealism - a complex reality that usually appears parodied . Notable stories collected in Bestiary , Tracker , All fires , fire, secret weapons , and Cronopios famas , which reveals the absurdity of the everyday with a great sense of humor.

Mario Benedetti ( urugayo ) reflects Montevideanos , Death and other surprises and with and without nostalgia daily life and political circumstances of his country from a compromising position with a simple and colloquial language.

Special mention should Augusto Monterroso storyteller . His stories , many of them authentic microrrelatos tend to maximum condensation : complete ( and other stories ) Works , Black Sheep and Other Fables ...

From the sixties to the present, the story has been an important part in the narrative works of authors such as Mayra Montero ( Cuba ), Isabel Allende , A. Bryce Echenique and Antonio Skarmeta .

Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson

Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson

Character-narrators - description and function spaces - dialogues - structure between the enigma and suspense - cards - great - items - items policiales. Psychoanalytic explanations.

l narrator of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde relates the facts in the third person , from the point of view of one character , the lawyer Utterson . This is a testament to his friend that benefits Jekyll Hyde ( an unknown subject by attorney ) has played a bloody history has told Hyde that Enfield and meet other critical friend Dr. Lanyon , on medical practices Jekyll.

Concerns , fantasies , feelings , thoughts , conjectures attorney parade before the reader's eyes , which follows the events through the point of view of the character.

Utterson known only some aspects of the history of Jekyll and Hyde and , therefore , the reader receives the information in part. Many questions the lawyer is also formulated and start the reader : Who is Hyde ? Why your doctor wants to leave his fortune ? Why talk in the will of disappearance ? What happens in the house of Dr. Jekyll , behind closed doors ? The enigmas multiply as the story progresses : the presence Utterson events or see what we fail to answer the questions . The mystery coat, then, the facts and attitudes.

The puzzle pieces

The novel gradually reveals a secret history that attempts to reconstruct Utterson and which knows only some scraps . Other eyes will weave with the attorney to recover all the necessary details .

The story concerns some brief assessments that do not correspond to Utterson , but allow submit . It has , for example, what people said about him and Richard Enfield , who went for a walk . -

Those who had crossed the walks in their Sunday said they did not speak , which saw notoriously boring and showed obvious relief at the appearance of a friend. Despite the two which gave the greatest importance to these excursions, considered the main event of their week ...

The novel also features the narration of facts that has not witnessed Utterson , and known through references by other characters. The story of the murder of Carew reaches the attorney for the testimony of a maid. In this case, the third-person narrator explains that the above about the event corresponds to the version of women:

A maid who lived alone in a house not far from the river had risen to his bedroom to sleep around eleven . ( ... ) Sat on his chest , which was next to the window and stood there lost in a reverie. Never ( said through tears when recounting the experience ) , he had never felt more at peace with mankind ( ... ) And when I was sitting there said ...

In most cases, the narrator prefers reproduce verbatim what other characters say and then appear :

The scenes containing dialogue . In them, Utterson becomes aware of facts that have not participated , from what they tell their partners and comment :

Enfield and the lawyer were on the opposite side , but when they arrived at the door , the first raised his staff and said :

- Have you ever paid attention to that door? he asked, and when his companion had answered yes , he continued : - The association with a curious history. - Yes? said Utterson , with a slight change of voice - What story ? - Well, it was so ...

Dialogues reset information known lawyer and are filling the gaps in the story of Jekyll.

Letters . In them, the participants of the mysterious facts tell what happened, reveal the questions or generate new expectations :

My dear Utterson : When this falls into their hands, I shall have gone, I fail to predict in what circumstances, but my instinct and all that surrounds my unusual situation tells me that the order is safe and will not tarry. First read the story Lanyon warned me he had put into his hands , and if you want to know more, read the confession of his unworthy and unhappy friend

Henry Jekyll

When LJtterson read this letter , Jekyll has disappeared and everything suggests that something terrible has happened . Far from the mystery , the note raises more questions : how did Jekyll was going to disappear? Why did it disappear? Does the demise means death? Why is branded as unworthy friend? Only when you have read the other two cards announced , will answer all questions .

The structure between the enigma and suspense

From a series of elements that arouse the suspicion of Utterson , in relation to the life of his friend Jekyll , the lawyer undertakes an investigation in order to explain the enigmas. The reader is curiously data search and try , meanwhile , to reconstruct the secret history . The research is effective and researcher, a good observer , recognizes signs whose meanings hidden eliminate doubts , but the interpretation is incorrect.

The story shows here and there , interspersed in the aforementioned research, events, situations and attitudes that advertise undesirable effects for the characters. For example , the vision of the face of Hyde produces an inexplicable feeling of disgust , horror and fear that predicts unhappy consequences for Jekyll.

The reader's interest is , in this case dominated by what will happen in the future of the story: know that something will happen , but can not figure out exactly what it is . The text produces some tension in the reader that is supported by the suspense , waiting for the inevitable.

The spaces play an important role in the story. Note the description of a London street :

... in a very populated district of London. The street was narrow , and the quiet calls, although weekdays buzzing with activity. Its inhabitants seemed to be all in good standing, and all trusted improve over time, and used in beautifying their excess profits , so that the windows were lined with an inviting air, like rows of smiling saleswomen . Even on Sunday, when watched its more florid charms and remained relatively empty of pedestrians, the street shone in contrast to its dingy neighborhood , like a fire in a forest , and with well- painted shutters , polished bronzes , cleanliness and note cheerful, instantly attracted the delighted gaze of a passerby .

In the world constructed by the novel, where appearances are of great value , the (interior and exterior ) spaces are characterized by what they show and what they hide . Spaces talk about the characters , their actions , their values. The street shows economic status of its inhabitants and reveals his conception of beauty, based on cleanliness, order , neatness .

The space described in the previous fragment contrasts with the building of the side street ;

... building air sinister cast its canopy over the street. House was a tall, windowless , and nothing but a door on a blind wall in front of you faded rose , in all his features showed signs of prolonged neglect. The door, which had neither bell nor knocker , was blistered and discolored. The threshold served as a refuge for vagrants , who lit their matches on the wooden door ...

The doors and windows are mentioned repeatedly in the text, because they discover or cover the inside with communicating . Inward houses protect the privacy of its inhabitants. In them, some places correspond to the shared social life and are frequented by friends , others belong exclusively to the privacy of its occupant , as the office of Dr. Jekyll , on top of the lab. In each other may be objects that describe the social mores of the character or habits and personal tastes unconfessed . The rooms facing the front of the house of Jekyll are the public face space doctor . By contrast, the back rooms , separate housing and communication to a side street , are the field of life hidden by Henry Jekyll.

The events take place in public spaces , where characters flaunt their prestige and reputation , and private , where privacy is protected. On the streets and in the light of day or in a diaphanous evening, gentlemen care standards of conduct and courtesy. Inside the home , especially in personal rooms , keep the secrets . Investigate what were the features of the English Victorian society and relate the information they find with the universe painting the novel.

The spaces are also described from particular states, temperatures and degrees of visibility , creating atmospheres and climates. The brilliant London street can become a menacing space under the effect of fog or darkness of the night . The laboratory of Dr. Jekyll cold acquires an atmosphere of warmth , thanks to the fire burning and steaming kettle , ready to serve tea. Climates or atmospheres assist the construction of mystery and suspense , as shown in the snippet below:

It was a cold and unwelcoming , own night of March , with a pale moon lying on her back as though the wind had turned , and mobile celajes of the clearest texture. The wind made ​​it difficult conversation, and made the blood flow to the face . There seemed to sweep pedestrians to leave the unusually empty streets ; Utterson thought he had never seen so deserted that part of London . I could have wished it to be different , never in his life had he felt so strong to see and touch your neighbor craving , for , though the combated , had awakened in his mind an overwhelming premonition of calamity.

In some cases, the elements of an atmosphere invest their meaning from the character of the state is immersed in it. In a room on fire the flames can stop representing the warmth of the protected space and become threatening under the gaze of a disturbed character .

the characters

The novel takes place in the city of London, but is confined to a smaller area in which all the characters are known: the circle of friends Utterson , " those of his blood, or acquaintances of his youth ," those affections , " like ivy , were the result of time." The characters in this field construct a fictional universe inhabited by men. The only women mentioned are bred to have minimal involvement in the story.

The character is presented several times from the point of view of different characters. In all cases it characterized from the sensations , feelings and impressions that occurs in those who observe it . Moreover, everyone agrees that there are no words that can describe the strange appearance and sinister Hyde. Is he discovers evidence or areas that are usually not available to view if disclosure worries that perceive .

The fantastic elements . The story also takes part in the fantastic. In a believable world , similar to that inhabits the reader happens a fact that can not be explained , in what men consider as natural.

The police elements . As we begin the story , the lawyer Utterson suspects has been a crime ( extortion ), the culprit is Hyde, and a victim , which is Jekyll. However , you can not say for certain . So begins an investigation to gather evidence to enable it to answer your questions. This type of text is about arming the police novels , although the researcher fails to clear the questions. The reconstruction of events is performed by other characters, Lanyon and Jekyll , in unexpected terms Utterson : the alleged offender , but has committed other crimes which has only one in the novel, has not committed an offense in terms that create counsel , and is the product of Jekyll 's experiments , which is only a victim of their shameful desires .

Scientific explanations . No logic or supernatural interpretation fully explains the extraordinary events . Uncertainty about the origin of these events is maintained, despite the unknowns unveil . The final explanation that reconstructs the full story attributes the transformation of Jekyll into a scientific experiment and gives the story some nuances of science fiction novels .

The chemical preparation gives scientific support to what happened : but the text does not center justification of events in the experiment. The potion releases a facet of the personality of Jekyll , who struggled to demonstrate before I took the drink and that , over time , begins to rebel and act without the brew collaborate . Moreover, the doctor has achieved its goal thanks to a unique mistake. The impurity of the first sales may not be reproduced and used what appeared to be the scientific discovery of a systematic study is merely a product of chance.

Psychoanalytic explanations. Psychoanalytic Review interprets duplication of Jekyll 's personality and their cleavage as a fictionalization of concepts that subsequently appear in the theoretical development of Sigmund Freud. Note the following quote from The unconscious, Freud :

In both the healthy and the sick arise frequently psychic acts whose explanation presupposes others that consciousness does not offer any testimony. Acts of this kind are not only acts and failed dreams of healthy individuals , but also all those who qualify for a psychic symptom or a sick obsession . Our personal experience shows us everyday occurrences whose origin is unknown and whose preparation ignore intellectual conclusions . All these conscious acts ( ... ) will be sorted in a coherent and intelligible if we interpolate between them unconscious acts that have inferred set .

In Collected Works . Madrid , New Library, 1972.

According to Freud's theory , are on the subject , conscious actions and unconscious acts . Many acts that are inexplicable to the subject acquired a new significance in the light of the unconscious. These concepts justify the contradictory impulses struggling inside Jekyll and he can not explain.

The Argentine psychoanalyst David Krapf says in his article " The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, not so strange for psychoanalysis "

While psychoanalytic terminology has changed the word " double" by " neurosis" and in this specific case, for " obsessional neurosis " , no one can deny the incredible closeness of theoretical Stevenson with Freud, when he defines "the man actually not one but two ( ... ) I would venture to guess that one day man will be known as a multitude of strangers , independent , inconsistent and multifaceted . "

In this line , Jekyll 's confession can be read as the story of a patient who, at first , is that since the "I" can master what causes pain and disgust but , as it progresses the story begins you suspect a power that belongs but does not recognize as his own "I" is , he hates and loves at the same time , contradicting the rules of classical logic .

The story, however, exceeds all construction and psychological interpretations of the character is only one of the possible aspects of the analysis . Mr. Hyde, with his repulsive and different aspect of Jekyll , with its uncontrolled reactions and branded Satan in his face, escapes all definitions and maintains latent possibility that the events narrated not satisfying explanation.

Analysis - abstract Dona Rosita the Spinster OR LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS

Analysis - abstract Dona Rosita the Spinster OR LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS

Granada Poem hundred , divided into several gardens with scenes of singing and dancing, Federico García Lorca

INTRODUCTION

García Lorca is a writer who has deeply felt the need for dramatic expression , despite its lyrical roots of theater. His great character is a woman and her central theme , which all variants that appear in his works, is the impossible love could be reduced . A true gallery female presences , diverse and condition, but played all by the common denominator of emotional frustration, populates its parts.

The man only gives accommodate staged by strict necessity , and sometimes even what obscures and avoids , as in " The House of Bernarda Alba ."

Federico García Lorca - Self

The impossibility of a full and fruitful love stems from a variety of causes that are , in turn , as many sub-themes: a retrograde prejudice and oppressive social environment , a fossilized sense of honor that falls within the purest tradition of Spanish Golden Age , sterility, but the tragic and fatal , age differences , sacrifice to political ideals and , ultimately , a deep inner inability to perform.

Lorca musical In the lyrical aspect predominates , as manifested through the verse as a form of whole piece (Mariana Pineda ) , and through the poetic atmosphere that communicates a special tension to the theme and the characters, and by interleaving important lyrical lullabies - like grounds in blood Wedding or songs sandpipers in Yerma - ' rich in symbolic elements that constitute the leitmotifs of the parts to which they belong.

This importance of poetry has not stopped him from making a steady progress in mastering the art scene , to reach a perfect handling of the purest essence of tragedy, in the second season and most successful of his works: The house of Bernarda Alba.

Textual Analysis : Doña Rosita the Spinster

TEMAGarcía Lorca finished writing Doña Rosita the Spinster in June 1935 and released on 13 December of the same year in Barcelona. The author tells how the melancholy comedy was born . " Doña Rosita I conceived in 1924 Moreno Villa My friend told me one day:" I'll tell the beautiful story of the life of a flower, the Rose mutabile , A Book of Roses eighteenth century. " Come . " there once was a rose ... "and when I finished the wonderful story of the rose, I had made ​​my play . was finished I appeared unique , impossible to reform . "

This, coupled with direct knowledge who had authored many cases similar to that posed by the piece, originated this drama whose theme is a sad product of provincial life , the " maid" the woman called " girl " almost to old age, he sees his life consumed in a courtship that is not defined in the sad and rebuffed pending a marriage that never comes. For the family and social environment to which it belongs , full of prejudice and sanctimonious kitsch , not seen as worthy and acceptable alternative but to continue waiting forever a decision that never materialize , while the painful agony of frustration gradually impregnates his spirit to destroy it.

STRUCTURE

The book is divided into three acts , each of which corresponds to one of the usual three times in a traditional theater piece :

1) First act : exhibition

In the first act introduces the main characters of the drama and the central conflict arises: Rosita groom must undertake a long journey to join his father and join this separation in a wait already eying final.

2) Act II: knot

It's been fifteen years. On the day of sainted Rosita and while it receives few visits , · a letter arrives announcing the impending wedding groom by proxy, fanning hopes for the protagonist. Rosita 's youth is about to start a frank and definitive decline.

3) Act III: outcome

It's been ten years , and definite lapse in the life of the bride. The uncle died six years ago and she and her aunt are in misery. " The action takes place on the day they are going to move to a small and humble place as home furnishings are mortgaged . Rosita 's boyfriend has been married eight years ago, but still maintains his correspondence with it. The climax the act, and the piece is a conversation between the protagonist and his aunt, emotional overflow that it only allowed during which the public finally knows the true essence of the character.

All work is characterized by its slow and delayed action : most of the situations are reduced to long conversations with the various views that are coming to the house of Rosita along the three acts .

In the first act , boyfriend heading Rosita , which is the trigger : in each single situation that can be called truly theatrical effect ( unexpected event that causes a change in the unpredictable course of events ) arises all subsequent action , the second , the letter announcing the marriage by proxy , in the third , moving .

The facts, more or less important , actually occur between an act and another, long periods elapsed - fifteen , ten years , deaths occur , the groom house, old characters disappear to make way for new ones, because all life , with its monotonous succession of increasingly hopeful days , with large or small events and basically the unstanchable time as an element that eats , wears , destroys decay and disintegration agent , is the most important of the part and can not happen on the stage, facing the viewer , so that it is offered in each of the three acts is a small sample of a long series of events, is the result of an empty time and pointless. They take every action situations that represent milestones in the life of the protagonist, because in them a host of causes and effects is condensed and thus symbolize their lifetime.

Let's take them one at time:

1. Heading boyfriend : is the key to the whole piece and the source of all the frustrations , but he could not be as important in a more unprejudiced social medium, which would have allowed Rosita see as an honest and lawful act marry another man it was not his initial promise.

Two . The letter of the second act : is generating hope. It is the synthesis of all the letters that come along twenty-five, with her . Give double effect of illusions and falsehood produce frustration . It is also the symbol of deception perpetrated on · Cousin and tacitly consented Rosita.

Three . Moving : condensed and symbolized the decadence of the whole family , and especially Rosita , flowers that represent the world of delusions and false fueling support for twenty years but now inevitably disintegrates. This decay has occurred slowly , year after year ( after the long periods between acts ) and moving merely express in tangible form, concrete and symbolic .

From the formal point of view , each of these highlights situations have the function to qualify the action, which otherwise would be reduced to a succession of nostalgic genre pictures : they are dramatic cores that serve to arouse interest and expectations of the public.

. The rhythm of the piece is slow, and that is perfectly suited to the nature of the subject and the lives that you want to describe : the first act is the busiest and agile , the second the only momentary animation occurs with the arrival of the letter , the denouement, which occupies the entire third act , develops slowly , faintly , showing the public step by step details of the decay and dissolution of a world that always lacked real support . The highest vibration in the emotional tone of the characters is given in the dialogue between Rosita and aunt.

THE key factor TIEMPOEl piece , the real dramatic spring , the actual trigger situations is the flow of time , which eats everything deteriorates and time to be an empty and meaningless. The most important thing that takes place between an act and another during the first fifteen years and the next ten , twenty in total. That time is checked in the work through various elements : 1) the transformation process from the freshness to the decrepitude, is synthesized in the " Rosa mutabile " whose day is equal to the life of the protagonist .

2) The change of fashion is the visual element that expresses the temporal flow .

3) Rosita attitudes toward time vary according to the different periods of his life and point out fundamental changes :

· When young " dominates impatience, longs for the time fly . Example: AMA : - Is that all you want to fly today and want it to be after tomorrow is cast to fly and we lose hands ' . . . when a little girl had to ' tell the story every day when she was old : " My Rosita and eighty years old ... And always. "

· Later, upon reaching maturity, the opposite happens :

ROSITA : - But on the street is that I notice how time and do not want to lose the illusions. They have already made a new home in the small square . I do not wanna hear about how time flies .

· Finally, each passing year is as if the left most naked and horrified how it goes Boy : >

BOY . You have a good , Dona Rosita.

ROSITA . Go with God , son! (They leave the evening is falling. )Doña Rosita ! Doña Rosita !

4) The youth of the Ayolas notes , by contrast , aging Rosita , already irretrievable distance from his youth, when the groom was still a living presence :

Ayola one . " When I came here I was six and groom Rosita accustomed me to drink it . Do not remember , Rosita ?

ROSITA . ( Seria. )No!

Ayola 2 . To me, ' Rosita and her boyfriend taught me the letters A, B , C . " How much tim -po ago?

AUNT . Fifteen years !

Ayola P. To me, almost, I have forgotten the face of your boyfriend. .

5) Boy that something similar happens with Ayolas : is already an eighteen- year-old son of one of the Manolas , old friends from Rosita. His mother died eight years ago and it suits that still remain of it are " oldies " , real costumes , while Rosita says wistfully , " it was a nice fashion."

Another temporal element that makes the climate of the piece is the insistence with which the time lag is marked the final act : the twilight hour , the decline of the day , six in the afternoon.

INTERMEDIATE LíricosLa play is written in prose and its deepest essence is dramatic, but many lyrical fragments that serve important functions relating to the structure of the piece several times and synthesize their contents are interleaved .

1) Poem Rosa mutabile

· Is given at the beginning of the first act and has the value of an anticipation of the theme of the piece .

· Is repeated at the end of the act and there has , compared to heading the groom, meaning a clear premonition of Rosita.

· At the end of the second act is repeated in fragments and represents the exact situation of the protagonist still has and briefly grilled youth, but is already bleached, as the rose.

· His last two lines are closed and the work their synthesis and the fate of her unfortunate character .

Consistently identify between flower and Rosita states: the name and the fate of both is identical.

2) Spells Mistress

They have all the flavor of the typical popular note that García Lorca was affection in all its dramas.

3) The three ManolasLas poem wrapped in a halo lyric that enhances and serves to express , with a grace that would never have gotten through the prose, the delicate toil and care of youth and courtship time between rides. The festive atmosphere that communicates extends to the quiet happiness Rosita enjoyed at that time.

4) The meeting and parting of the bride and groom at the end of the first act

It is a dramatic moment of high tension in which, through a lyrical language coalesced into a cluster of metaphors and images of great poetic value , pain and hopes of her empty promises and it is expressed.

5) Language of Flowers

It's a musical poetic theme which is sandwiched in the second act and allows , by extending the language of various flowers, Rosita resume and breakdown the driver mutabile Rosa and their transformations throughout the day reason. It is an intermediate relaxation dramatic climax preceding the arrival of the letter.

6) A popular , suitable for singing and dancing, theme closes the second act

In the third act , except shooting reiterations Poem mutabile Rosa , no lyrical fragments. These, in general , are a function of expressing the feelings of the characters , especially the protagonist, indirect and poetic manner : they appear as hope or joy remains , hence its absence in the third act.

COLORS

Another important from the point of view visual element are the colors that are used in the piece and have a symbolic value. Main are three:

1) The red

There appears through the costumes and scenery but the color of the Rosa mutabile morning: it is a symbol of the fullness of life , of the freshness of youth and passion.

2) The pink

That color are the three dresses Rosita along the three acts . Name , flower and color · symbolize the very essence of the character remains unchanged : fashion changes , that is, over time , but not the hue that represents your feminine self and its gloomy shade of antique postcard.

3) White

It is the color of old age, silver hair, metal night ( the moon). Flower and Rosita are identified in this white dress gets to leave the house at the end of the work. At the same time , the white curtains that move stirred by the wind in the empty room before the curtain finally comes down, the veils evoke the wedding dress that the star never wear.

LOS PERSONAJES1 ) Rosita

Their presence and drama dominate the entire work. There are no real character development or inner change , which is amending its fate by external circumstances , but it remains always the same as in the first act makes urgent the passage of time, revealing their inability to live thoroughly any situation.

Rosita is a profound inability to face reality and find positive solutions and vital . The social environment riddled with convention and prejudice has shaped so that it has canceled its responsiveness . Its scale ' values ​​suffer an unfortunate confusion for her to forget her boyfriend and performed as a wife with another man would be " to talk " and "seriousness " of the virtuous woman is not allowed. So the solution is to escape reality , to pretend not to see it :

ROSITA .... I knew everything. He knew he had married : and a kind soul for ' took care to tell me , and I have been receiving your letters with an illusion filled with sobs even myself amazed me . If people had not spoken , if ye had not known you , if I had not known anyone but me , his letters and his lie had fueled my enthusiasm as the first year of his absence.

AUNT . Why did not you listen ? Why do not you marry one ?

ROSITA . I have always been serious .

AUNT . You 've held your idea without seeing reality without having your future charity .

ROSITA . I am who I am. And I can not change .

Now all I have left is my dignity . · What I have inside I keep it to myself.

Rosita , rather than a victim of her boyfriend, what is self and society . It is a character of great dramatic achievement , well shaped and defined.

2) The TIAA Despite its kind and motherly character weighs negatively in the life of the protagonist, at first denied the possibility nephew marry her because she has yet to carve out an economic future and only at the end , when it is definitely late, reproaches having failed to find best solution for your life. It is a blurred character , without life or dramatic weight .

3) The love

Quite the contrary : a character vigorously drawn and which emanates an intense affection and vital heat. It is the counterpart of the aunt, with whom faces repeatedly peacefully . The author has benefited from a number of popular connotations: it is superstitious , he likes spicy expressions, has great common sense and a practical and realistic view of life is active and working and generous capacity for love constantly rises in affective and vital center of the piece .

4) Girl Groups surrounding Rosita

There is always a group of women by similarity or contrast , extend and illustrate the situation of Rosita , constituting a sort of chorus and background · backdrop of his presence.

1. The Manolas . They appear in the first act. They are friends Rosita , her fellow ride, and vital part of the same attitude : hope for a full and happy morning. We return to learn their fate only in the third act: the boy is the son of one who has died eight years ago. Despite this adverse circumstance , and paradoxically , it feels much more ' full and on the Manola in his death than in his life Rosita . The other is also married and has four children. That is, the dramatic function of this group is to reflect the situation if · the protagonist at first and then highlight , by contrast , his misfortune.

Two . The soteronas . Appear in the second act and are sort of distorting mirror in which can be seen Rosita . They are grotesque figures , and , besides coineidir with the protagonist in singleness , they prefigure and anticipate their current misery in the declining economic situation of that in the future. His conduct and his scale of values ​​of manners set effective stroke.

Three . The Ayolas . Are the counterpart of Rosita and soteronas . Its fresh lust for life , marriage, performed, his youth, heightened by contrast the passage of time and the deterioration of the four mature women.

5 ) Male characters

They have very little weight in the work, except the groom , not presence but absence. Those who move on stage, or are unimportant in action or perform specific functions and subsidiaries :

1. Uncle : As a character is blurred, indistinct , like temperament , ineffective and passive. It is part of a world in dissolution and death is not only real but also symbolic : in today's world it is impossible to live solely dedicated to cultivating a garden. Your little practical meaning of life leads his wife and Rosita to ruin.

Two . Mr. X and Mr. Martin. Your funciónn is relative only to the custom painting . Represent conflicting values ​​and conflicting aspects of the society of the time , the positivist scientific materialism and falsely in a case and the absolute idealism on the other , but from the dramatic point of view no role .

Three . Boy . It is a dramatic spring whose sole function is to mark the passage of time.

Abstract - Analysis Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle

Abstract - Analysis Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle

Study in Scarlet, written by Conan Doyle in 1887 , is recognized as the first novel in which the character of Sherlock Holmes, the detective story icon appears . In this work, the detective knows his faithful companion and friend , John H. Watson , MD by the University of London. This last , back from Afghanistan, where he had worked as a military doctor during the war, is in search of a place to live . Through a friend, who tells him he knows someone in the same situation , Holmes knows . These two gentlemen decide to share the apartment 221b Baker Street .

There Watson begins to know his partner, his love of violin, to snuff pipe and resolution of complicated cases .

The events of the novel take place in the last quarter of the nineteenth century in England. In its structure , the novel is divided into two distinct parts .

The first is titled " Memories Reprint John H. Watson , MD and retired officer of the Medical Corps " and is narrated in first person by Watson , who describes the first mystery in which Holmes continued investigations . The case in question arises from the discovery of a body in an abandoned house in Brixton , with the word RACHE written in letters of blood on the wall home.

The second part is entitled " Land of the Saints " and jumps in space and time to position two decades ago in the United States, Salt Lake City, the land of the Mormons. There a murder, which is executed by Danites in the territory occurs . It is told in the third person by an omniscient narrator. In the last chapter of this part is returned to the initial story told by Watson and the solution of the case is counted. Here comes into play the relation of the two parts of the book, which at first seem autonomous and therefore not binding each other. The motive for the crime turns out to be essentially revenge for a lost love.

From the first encounter , Arthur Conan Doyle Holmes shows us observer, devoted to science and the search for discoveries that may revolutionize forensics . In a chemistry lab where he works , appears for the first time and then be the famous Sherlock Holmes does so with a test tube in hand, tangible proof of what I have discovered : a reagent is precipitated only by the hemoglobin and would discover blood stains in criminal cases . Scientific research and forensic medicine are disciplines with which the author chooses to enter Holmes , two branches of knowledge which , together, will found a unique type of character .

In order to further delineating this detective, the narrator tells that Sherlock Holmes had published an article in a magazine, which was trying to bring out how much an observant man might learn by examining fair and consistent in everything around him . For Watson, the science of deduction which concerned the text , it was not "practical " but rather theoretical , based on the assumptions of a man in the solitude of his study. Through this text and its contents , Watson learns that Sherlock Holmes is a " consulting detective " that guides often police investigation at the request of the officers of Scotland Yard, Lestrade and Gregson .

This time, Gregson sent a note to Holmes asking his advice about a recent murder and , if possible , a visit to the place where he had found dead Drebber Enoch , from Cleveland , Ohio , United States.

While renowned Scotland Yard detectives are lost in the case without reaching discover the motive for the crime and the identity of the perpetrator , Sherlock Holmes needed only three days to solve the mystery and catch the criminal in your own home , just Gregson and Lestrade when they are present.

Holmes searches around the house where the corpse, the crime scene , then pulls from his pocket a tape measure and a magnifying glass was found. With that brief overview and data derived from observations , findings, and measurements , Holmes determines that :

a) has committed murder ;

b ) the murderer is a man ;

c ) characteristics : tall, young , red-faced , long nails and small feet ;

d ) coarse shoes square toe boots and smokes cigars Trichinopoly ;

e) the man up to his victim uninhabited house in a rental car ;

f ) death is caused by poisoning.

The investigation continues . Send a telegram, interview the officer who discovered the body , placed an ad in a newspaper to lure the likely murderer and instructs young homeless street to find a driver in particular.

Then comes his erroneous theory Gregson and Lestrade with it later with fresh news of the death of their only suspect , Joseph Stangerson . With this new crime , the similarities begin to be significant and help in solving the enigma.

But this only sees Holmes. While Scotland Yard detectives no longer refer extraordinary case , Sherlock not to prove their mistake. "It is a mistake to confuse the strangeness with mystery. The most common crime is often the most mysterious because it presents no new or special features that help us to make inferences. ( ... ) These peculiarities , far from the case back difficult actually been simplified , "said Holmes.

It is precisely on the basis of these details ( the written bloody word , strokes that characterize the ash found on the floor, the ring found with the body , fingerprints at the entrance of the house, the smell between her lips the victim , pills found next to the second body, etc. . ) detective Conan Doyle manages to decipher the mystery .

Thus, compared to the official disoriented, Sherlock Holmes catch the criminal : Jefferson Hope. But who is this man? What is your relationship with the deceased ? Why the two deaths occur ? Are they interrelated ? How Sherlock Holmes discovers the truth of this particular episode ?

The deaths of a father and a daughter , happened long ago , are the triggers for these crimes. The murderer , Hope decides to be " judge, jury and executioner " and punish , thus the guilty.

Study in Scarlet demonstrated in each of its steps , facing the constant surprise of Watson and the clear ineffectiveness of Gregson and Lestrade , Holmes supremacy . He says the key to his system lies in its ability to reason backwards , ie analytically. This aspect reminds the famous detective Poe, Dupin , in turn , the use of Sherlock Holmes -Watson duo also brings to mind this character and his partner , who is referred to the stories.

Borges points out that Dupin is the archetype , model, and that the subject of two different friends together involved in an investigation is a topic that

Conan Doyle continues in his stories . The creator of Holmes himself tells how his most famous creature emerged :

" Detective Poe, Dupin , master had been since my childhood one of my heroes . But I could bring something new of my own ? I thought of my old teacher Joe Bell , in your face of an eagle in his singular behavior, in his enigmatic way to discover details. If you became a detective , surely reduce the fascinating but disorganized research topic to something very like the exact science. well, I would try that this occurred. Whether it was possible in the real life , why could not I make it just as plausible in fiction ? " .

In the same line but different, something " of my own " says Conan Doyle and decidedly that seems to refer to his detective. In this sense, Sherlock Holmes would not agree with the findings of Borges. In fact, he declares to Watson that " Dupin was a very basic type " and that while possessed analytical genius , "in no way was the phenomenon that seemed to imagine Poe ." Holmes is unique, not a follower of no one recognizes , his own method , which consists of " a chain of logical sequences without missing link without any flaw " - is , for him, which makes a difference , and this is what case after case trying to prove .

The basis of the effectiveness of the detective story and the intricate research that holds the detective lies in the way chosen to tell the story . Conan Doyle gives voice to Watson, this character that he is curious in respect of each of the discoveries of his partner, and has the steps of Holmes without knowing or to reveal their senses. But even in this area continues the tradition of the genre, A Study in Scarlet , the author further complicates the narrative structure because police story adds a particular flavor : the adventure story . The second part begins with a man and a girl lost in the desert , about to die of thirst , randomly saved by a group of Mormon pilgrims.

In this origin , in that rescue occurs on lands and distant times the key to the mystery that analyzes the detective figure . That's the twist holding Conan Doyle : the adventure story , the sequence of events experienced by the man and that child throughout the years, explain the two deaths . Of course , that connection can only make Sherlock Holmes. The chosen mode of narrating this story aims precisely feed reader disorientation and complicate finding possible links between the various signs of each party. Without missing link, without fail , thought the detective succeeds in the feat of solving a crime , only thanks to his skills , is finally almost perfect.

Source : Ed Station

The Loreley Jaber

Buenos Aires , 2009

Analysis of One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez

Analysis of One Hundred Years of Solitude 

by Gabriel García Márquez

Outline: Family Tree Position - Stages - narrator - Time and novel.

The history of Macondo and the Buendia family is the backbone of the novel, in which many episodes are inserted.

The narrative follows a seemingly chronological order, from the founding of Macondo by the initial -José Arcadio Buendía and Úrsula couple Iguarán - until the disappearance of the village, about the birth prediction fulfilled , with pig tails , the last of the breed . But in reality , the time of the novel is not referred nor chronological , but " cyclical " repeats the past in the present and the future is predictable because somehow already occurred.

It can be summarized in four stages what happened to the nearly six generations of Buendia .

First stage: the mythical world and the time of the founding

It is for the journey they undertake the Buendia husbands in search of more favorable lands on which to settle , impelled by the ghost of Prudencio Aguilar , whom José Arcadio been killed . For such occurrences the narrator says :

Prudencio Aguilar did not leave, and José Arcadio Buendía dare throw the spear . Since then he could not sleep well.

Is a constant of the play: the living will communicate with the dead naturally, as if this fact did not escape the normal coordinates . And in this fantasy novel is interpolated in everyday reality , even the most bizarre or unusual takes on overtones of verisimilitude.

In the lineage of the founders , then, is a crime, Prudencio Aguilar result, in turn , the stigma attached to the offspring of the last Buendia - born pig - tailed , so Ursula insists no consummating marriage.

At this early stage or mythical time, Buendia discover the things that make the new world around them , and founded Macondo.

Also correspond to this stage called " plagues of insomnia and forgetfulness that attack people. Their inhabitants lose the habit of sleeping . But the worst sequence is memory loss . 's When Aureliano and his father José Arcadio will decide " mark " is a naming all things biblical way .

The return of Melquiades , holder of Macondo story written in Sanskrit can only decrypt the last of the Buendía , ends this stage , as the gypsy cure the villagers .

Second stage: The world and the historical time of the wars of Colonel Aureliano Buendia

Thirty-two armed uprisings promoted by the second son of the founders are narrated here . The hyperbolic tone and meaning of text parody manifest in this passage :

Colonel Aureliano Buendía promoted thirty-two armed uprisings and he lost them all . Sons had seventeen seventeen different women , who were exterminated one after another in a single night declined the offered annuity that war and lived until the age of gold fishes in his workshop that manufactured Macondo.

Stresses , thus the futility of civil wars and arrogance taciturn colonel , who , however , share with other characters in the play the " do to undo the " recurring - gold fishes Aureliano objects , figurines deazúcar in Ursula the shroud woven and unwoven - Amaranta , which act as " rescue garments " as postponing the time of death of characters. "

Third step : The time of insertion of Macondo in external reality

Invasion of Macondo by the outside world , personified by the banana company , causes a complete change in the life of the village and its inhabitants. The momentary happiness and final misery arrive with the train that brings the company cultures . Macondo reaches its best economic period , until the fever passes and exploitation banana leaves people in poverty and despair . Later, the narrator tells the " accomplishments" of the company:

... changed rainfall , rushed cycle crops, and took the river where it always was and put his white stones and icy currents on the other end of the town , behind the cemetery .

Fourth stage: The destruction of Macondo

The flood as punishment by God to men , by their greed and pride in the time of the banana company then appears .

It rained four years, eleven months and two days. There were periods of drizzle in everyone put on his pontifical robes and a face is composed convalescent Escampada to celebrate , but soon grew accustomed to interpret the pauses as resurgence ads . Desempedraba heaven in a whirlwind of mess , and the North sent a hurricane desportillaron ceilings and walls demolished , and roots dug up the last strains of the plantations.

The characters are dying one by one, buried by their own sins . At the end, IV Aureliano deciphers the history of his family, written in Sanskrit by Melquiades . It does when his wife , Amaranta Ursula, giving birth to the last of Aurelian , who comes into the world with pig tail predicted .

Macondo was already a fearful whirlwind of dust and debris by centrifugation anger the biblical hurricane when Aureliano [ ... ] And he understood that never go out of that room [ ... ] , And that everything written on them [ the scrolls ] was unique [ ... ] , Because races condemned to one hundred years of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth .

The position of the narrator

The third person omniscient adopts a familiar tone , which shortens the distance with the reader and lets you give credence to the farthest facts of reality . Never expressed opinion, nor take sides . Limited to counting occurrences naturally and without ostentation narratives technicalities. It appears , therefore , as an outsider to the narrative , that does not stop justifications or explanations that would detract verismo quasi magical beings and situations. That familiar tone makes tolerable the lack of barriers between the real and the imaginary.

Weather and novel

The work is presented as a " spinning wheel " in which men and Other Events ¬ ments are repeated indefinitely determines the time an eternal return in its cyclical evolution and men relapse into attitudes and even the very names of their ancestors ' . Is Ursula Iguarán who first warns

Now that I know it by heart cried Ursula . It is as if time were turning around and had returned to the top .

And later again:

Before the drawing Aureliano Triste drew on the table, and that was a direct descendant of the schemes that José Arcadio Buendía project illustrated the solar war, Úrsula confirmed her impression that time was spinning around.

In the book there are no precise time stamps . However, the variety and multitude of episodes not undermine the idea of ​​a paradigmatic time, not regis ¬ trable on earth measures but point to emphasize its symbolic meaning , as the time the work is representative of the time humanity on Earth is the loneliness that surrounds all the characters. Soledad born loving solidarity deficiency . To Ursula Iguarán , " mother " devoted to others , whose domestic virtues serve as a hub to the central events of the play, ending his days blind , ie , alone in her decrepitude . '

But perhaps the best example is that of Colonel Aureliano Buendía, who orders chalk draw a circle around it. No one may approach him in that " solitude of power " . Even his mother Ursula, who, from that moment , considered lost forever.

characters

In the initial family are certain characters and the characters that des ¬ filarán throughout the life of Macondo. Thus, the primal -José Arcadio couples and kinship are given Ursula cousins ​​were also repeated in the last Aureliano and Amaranta Ursula IV .

Similarly, the two men in the first couple characters that children have distinguished successors reiterate their names.

While Aurelian were withdrawn, but lucid mind , the José Arcadio were impulsive and enterprising, but were marked by a tragic sign.

The same applies to the female characters . This resource emphasizes the charac ¬ tica cyclic time of the novel , because the lineage is repeated in a mirror game .

Special mention should Melquiades multiple mythical figure , as reviving the myth of Faust in his power of rejuvenation , the Lazarus being resurrected , the damus ¬ Nostra , to dazzle with his magic , and Prometheus , when released into man of the unbearable heat , bringing ice.

But his most important role is to guess. As such drafting history of the Buendia and predicts its destruction : " The first of the line is tied to a tree and the last is what the ants are eating ." And so it is : José Arcadio dies tied to tree in his garden and his last descendant , born with the pigtail dies eaten by ants.

We have already noted some style notes Hundred Years of Solitude . It should be emphasized , however , a distinctive look : the excess that pervades the entire work and even transcends the everyday actions of his characters. Hyperbole is , then, the narrative device most used by the author, in an effort to create a critical world.

Source : A.A.V.V. Lyrics in Spanish America

Editorial Estrada, Buenos Aires